Wednesday, December 28
Monday, December 19
poet of Vertical movement
The Poet of Vertical Movement
Tado Ando
List
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8186178287044605215&hl=en
Tado Ando
One definition of #Architecture by Chalie Rose.
List
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8186178287044605215&hl=en
M A D
'ordos museum' by MAD
MAD architects: ordos museum completed from designboom on Vimeo.
dutch photographer iwan baan has documented the recently completed and opened 'ordos museum' in ordos, china by
beijing-based practice MAD architects. situated at the create of a dune-like hill, the building appears to have landed
from another world into the recently created urban center within the once gobi desert. the masterplan is mindful of the existing
cultural traditions of the area while addressing the progress and future of the city, allowing the community to congregate and lounge
within the surrounding plazas. surfaced with metal panels, the undulating exterior protects the interior from the region's harsh winters
and sand storms.
upon entering the museum, an atrium with characteristics of a cave and canyon become apparent, introducing swaths of daylight
from above along with shadowed passages leading towards galleries. a series of bridges traverse the chasm from one void to another
guided by the changes in illumination. residents of the area may circulate through the interior to efficiently cross from one side of
the site to the other without entering exhibitions. employees of the center are provided a natural work environment with office and research spaces which flank a south-facing internal garden.
to view the complete set of photographs, click here.
http://www.iwan.com/photo_Ordos_Museum_Mongolia_China_MAD_Architects_Ma_Yansong.php
see designboom's initial coverage of the museum during construction and substantial completion.
http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/9/view/18132/iwan-baan-photographs-ordos-museum-by-mad-architects.html
MAD architects: ordos museum completed from designboom on Vimeo.
dutch photographer iwan baan has documented the recently completed and opened 'ordos museum' in ordos, china by
beijing-based practice MAD architects. situated at the create of a dune-like hill, the building appears to have landed
from another world into the recently created urban center within the once gobi desert. the masterplan is mindful of the existing
cultural traditions of the area while addressing the progress and future of the city, allowing the community to congregate and lounge
within the surrounding plazas. surfaced with metal panels, the undulating exterior protects the interior from the region's harsh winters
and sand storms.
upon entering the museum, an atrium with characteristics of a cave and canyon become apparent, introducing swaths of daylight
from above along with shadowed passages leading towards galleries. a series of bridges traverse the chasm from one void to another
guided by the changes in illumination. residents of the area may circulate through the interior to efficiently cross from one side of
the site to the other without entering exhibitions. employees of the center are provided a natural work environment with office and research spaces which flank a south-facing internal garden.
to view the complete set of photographs, click here.
http://www.iwan.com/photo_Ordos_Museum_Mongolia_China_MAD_Architects_Ma_Yansong.php
see designboom's initial coverage of the museum during construction and substantial completion.
http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/9/view/18132/iwan-baan-photographs-ordos-museum-by-mad-architects.html
Wednesday, December 14
MVRDV . architecture Clouding
MVRDV . architecture Clouding in an era of could computing
(who said media & computation cultures are mere conceptions)
Monday, December 12
Fix it!
Fix it! The Energetic Society as a New Perspective on Governance for a Clean Economy: Maarten Hajer
The ambitious goal of a clean economy and a high-quality society can be achieved.
It is "the existing powers of creativity and innovation within society that offer opportunities for green growth,” says Maarten Hajer in The Energetic Society, the PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Trends Report. Yet in order to exploit the potential of this energetic society, Hajer says, governments need to adjust and act in a timely way, otherwise they will be exposed to the powers of the energetic society that may effectively obstruct government initiatives. We need a new partnership and a new division of responsibilities.
Innovation means planning for action and initiative, accepting the fact that mistakes will be made, and making certain that improvements are identified and implemented rapidly. Such innovation calls for a different type of government based on the notion of “radical incrementalism.” Putting the sustainable achievements of institutions and businesses in digital, shareable form is important for providing valuable examples and feedback.
The challenge is to do more with less – something for which there is no instant solution. New ideas will constantly be required and may be stimulated by a government that commits itself to clear objectives and engages in new forms of social engagement.
http://www.picnicnetwork.org/maarten-hajer-1Wednesday, December 7
City 2.0
At TED everything could happen. It's been a very enjoyable & inspiring platform ever since i learned about it in 2008.. it never fails one searching for an original, genuine words or some Courageous voice.
Thank You #TED platform & people behind it for make it happen.
For the first time in history, the TED Prize winner is not an individual, but an idea that greatly impacts the future of planet Earth… and the winner is The City 2.0. The City 2.0 is the city of the future, a future in which more than ten billion people are dependent on. The idea is not a “sterile utopian dream” but rather a “real-world upgrade tapping into humanity’s collective wisdom.” More urban living space will be constructed over the next 90 years than all prior centuries combined, so it is time to get it right.
Continue reading for more information on The City 2.0 and details on how you can participate.
Provided by the TED Prize press release:
The City 2.0 promotes innovation, education, culture, and economic opportunity.
The City 2.0 reduces the carbon footprint of its occupants, facilitates smaller families, and eases the environmental pressure on the world’s rural areas.
The City 2.0 is a place of beauty, wonder, excitement, inclusion, diversity, life.
The City 2.0 is the city that works.
Each year, TED Prize is awarded to an “exceptional individual” who receives $100,000 and “One Wish to Change the World.” Visionaries from around the globe will be given the collective opportunity to craft one wish for The City 2.0.
Back in 2006, TIME’s person of the year was Y O U. It became evident that we are in charge of shaping our own destiny and we are one collective whole. If you wish to contribute an idea for The City 2.0, write to tedprize@ted.com and join the conversation here.
The wish will be announced on February 29th, 2012 at the TED Conference in Long Beach, California.
“On a Leap Year date, we have the chance, collectively, to take a giant leap forward.”
Reference: TED Prize, TIME Magazine
Sunday, December 4
salam mn ard salam
a version of Antique Damascene peace...
Image of Mr. Nizar Alkak collection on #Facebook
Image of Mr. Nizar Alkak collection on #Facebook
Wednesday, November 30
مسابقة الشعر والقصة القصيرة للكتاب العرب الشباب
مسابقة الشعر والقصة القصيرة للكتاب العرب الشباب
لقد شهد العالم العربي خلال السنة الماضية تغيرات هائلة - اخبرنا عنها باسلوبك الخاص-
يدعو
المعهد الدانماركي بدمشق جميع الشبان العرب ذوي المواهب الادبية تحت سن
الثلاثين للمشاركة في مسابقة ادبية .
الهدف منها إعطاء جيل الشباب فرصة و
امكانية التجاوب بطريقة فنية
مع الوضع الراهن في العالم العربي.
Application
الجوائز
افضل 12 الى 20 عمل سيتم نشرهم
في مجموعة نثرية باللغتين العربية والدانماركية .
اضافة الى ذلك سيتم دعوة
ثلاثة رابحين في المسابقه للمشاركة في المهرجان الادبي الدولي ( CPH:LITT )
الذي سيتم عقده في كوبنهاغن الدانمارك في آيار, 2012.
لجنة التحكيم
ستضم لجنة التحكيم مجموعة من الكتاب والباحثين من العالم العربي .
الأعمال الادبية
يجب ان تتوافر في العمل الأدبي الشروط التالية:
- أن لا يزيد عن 20صفحة.
- أن يكتب باللغة العربية الفصحى.
- يجب أن يتجاوب بشكل ما مع الوضع الراهن ببلدك
لديك حرية الاختيار بين الاجناس الادبية التالية:
القصة القصيرة ,الشعر .
شروط المشاركين
- عليك كمشارك في المسابقة ان تتوافر بك الشروط التالية.
- ان تكون من مواليد 1982 فما فوق.
- ان تكون مواطنا عربيا .
كيف يمكنك المشاركة في المسابقة
عليك إرسال عملك الادبي بشكل ملف word أو PDF على بريدنا الالكتروني
Shortstory@damaskus.dk
Monday, November 28
DSS @stirling 2011
This post been shared on #Facebook by a good friend
https://www.facebook.com/groups/2414296583/
I would like to repost it here believing in the importance of the subjects mentioned besides it's all my favorite topics in one place/space!
https://www.facebook.com/groups/2414296583/
I would like to repost it here believing in the importance of the subjects mentioned besides it's all my favorite topics in one place/space!
Isn't that great!
Presentations from this year's Design Skills Symposium which was held in Stirling.
Sarah Longlands - The Role of Place and Diversity
Sarah Longlands - The Role of Place and Diversity
Steven Tolson - Investment Inputs: Citizens, Developers and the State
Max Hislop - Liveable Places: Green Networks
Tom Steele - Making the most out of Property and Assets
Ben Hamilton-Baillie - Streets, Networks and Public Space
Stephen Hill - How to live more sustainably: Aligning Personal and Professional Values
David Sim - People Oriented Development
Thursday, November 17
Communicate with Integrity
Building Trust: How to Communicate with Integrity
It’s not just the words that are used in communications that provide a sense of trust and integrity. The way things are said also plays a significant part in any communications. People learn from an early age that factors such as body language, tone of voice, and pitch are important in interpreting someone’s meaning in what they say. Similarly, other types of communication, such as print, video, and audio depend on more than words to convey their intended message.
3 Keys for Trustworthy Communication
So, how can a business ensure it is communicating in a way that expresses trust and integrity? It comes down to understanding how people interpret various forms of communication and then using that knowledge to construct you message the right way. Here are 3 keys to keep in mind when planning any form of communications:
1. Know your heart from your head. When we communicate “from our head,” we tend to use logic, facts, and figures. Head-centered communication can come across as cold and even uncaring. This doesn’t necessarily translate into a lack of integrity, but it can be a barrier to communicating trust, because people tend to trust communication they are comfortable with, not the type that is “standoffish.”
Sometimes it’s necessary to communicate facts and figures. So, when creating web or marketing copy, scripts, or speeches, find ways to make facts and figures more heart-centered and personal. What do the numbers really mean to your audience? In sales, we talk about the importance of communicating the benefit of a product or service. This is a great way to turn cold facts into heartfelt concern for what your offerings will mean to your customers.
2. Know what you’re talking about. People trust companies and individuals who they feel know their stuff. Communicating your knowledge can be tricky, because people don’t tend to trust those who brag or have inflated egos. So be sure to communicate your expertise through helping people to solve problems. That’s one of the best ways to build trust in a relationship.
When it comes to marketing and other forms of non-verbal communication, demonstrate your company’s knowledge and expertise in your communications. If you’re not the industry leader, don’t claim to be, but act as if you are by knowing your field inside and out and displaying your expert status in a non-gloating way, and you may soon find yourself in that position.
3. Be truthful. It should go without saying that actually having integrity and being honest are the best way to communicate trust and integrity, but you’re probably aware that not everyone gets that. Every day we see the results of people and companies in the limelight that chose not to be completely honest and suffered the consequences.
The clearest way to communicate integrity, whether in face-to-face conversation or in your marketing and internal communications, is to actually tell the truth. Know what you want to say before you say it, and have no doubts that it’s the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. If you don’t know, admit you don’t know, and commit to finding the answer. If you make something up instead, it’s likely to come back to bite you.
What experience have you had with companies not communicating honestly? Share your stories in the comments and on our Facebook page – and now on Google+ too!
Adam Toren is an Award Winning Author, Serial Entrepreneur and Investor. He Co-Founded YoungEntrepreneur.com along with his brother Matthew. Adam is co-author of the newly released book: Small Business, Big Vision: “Lessons on How to Dominate Your Market from Self-Made Entrepreneurs Who Did it Right” and also co-author of Kidpreneurs.
http://www.youngentrepreneur.com/blog/building-trust-how-to-communicate-with-integrity/
Friday, October 7
X Inventions
Originally Published
http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/inventions/10-things-that-women-invented.htm
And some women came up with ideas that would improve life in their households, only to see their inventions treated with scorn for being too domestic and thus unworthy of praise..
Ruth Wakefield had worked as a dietitian and food lecturer before buying an old toll house outside of Boston with her husband. Traditionally, toll houses were places weary travelers paid their road tolls, grabbed a quick bite and fed their horses. Wakefield and her husband converted the toll house into an inn with a restaurant. One day in 1930, Wakefield was baking up a batch of Butter Drop Do cookies for her guests. The recipe called for melted chocolate, but Wakefield had run out of baker's chocolate. She took a Nestle chocolate bar, crumbled it into pieces and threw it into her batter, expecting the chocolate pieces to melt during baking. Instead, the chocolate held its shape, and the chocolate chip cookie was born.
Nestle noticed that sales of its chocolate bars jumped in Mrs. Wakefield's corner of Massachusetts, so they met with her about the cookie, which was fast gaining a reputation among travelers. At Wakefield's suggestion, they began scoring their chocolate (cutting lines into the bar that allow for easier breaking) and then, in 1939, they began selling Nestle Toll House Real Semi-Sweet Chocolate Morsels. The Wakefield cookie recipe was printed on the back of the package; in exchange, Ruth Wakefield received free chocolate for life.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/inventions/10-things-that-women-invented.htm
Top 10 Things That Women Invented
At the end of the 20th century, only 10 percent of all patents were awarded to female inventors [source: Bedi]. When you compile a list of the most famous inventions of the past few centuries, few women will show up as the creators of those items.
It's not that women lack ingenuity or a creative spirit, though; it's just that women have faced many hurdles in receiving credit for their ideas.
Take the case of Sybilla Masters, a woman who lived in the American colonies. After observing Native American women, she came up with a new way to turn corn into cornmeal. She went to England to obtain a patent for her work, but laws at the time stipulated that women couldn't own property, which included intellectual property like a patent. Such property was considered to be owned by the woman's father or husband. In 1715, a patent for Sybilla Masters' product was issued, but the name on the document is that of her husband, Thomas.
Such property laws prevented many women from acquiring patents for inventions several centuries ago.
Women were also less likely to receive a technical education that would help them turn an ingenious idea into an actual product.
Many women faced prejudice and ridicule when they sought help from men in actualizing their idea.
And some women came up with ideas that would improve life in their households, only to see their inventions treated with scorn for being too domestic and thus unworthy of praise..
Mary Kies was the first American woman to earn a patent in her own name. In 1809, she developed a way of weaving straw into hats that was an economic boon for New England. By receiving that piece of paper with her name on it, Kies led the way for other female inventors to take credit for their ideas. In this article, we'll salute 10 things invented by women.
10: Circular Saw
In the late 18th century, a religious sect known as the Shakers emerged. Shakers valued living communally (albeit celibately), equality between the sexes and hard work. Tabitha Babbitt lived in a Shaker community in Massachusetts and worked as a weaver, but in 1810, she came up with a way to lighten the load of her brethren. She observed men cutting wood with a pit saw, which is a two-handled saw that requires two men to pull it back and forth. Though the saw is pulled both ways, it only cuts wood when it's pulled forward; the return stroke is useless. To Babbitt, that was wasted energy, so she created a prototype of the circular saw that would go on to be used in saw mills. She attached a circular blade to her spinning wheel so that every movement of the saw produced results. Because of Shaker precepts, Babbitt didn't apply for a patent for the circular saw she created.
9: Chocolate Chip Cookies
There is no doubt that many treasured recipes came about through accidental invention in the kitchen, but we must single out one of the most enduring -- and delicious -- of these recipes: the chocolate chip cookie.Ruth Wakefield had worked as a dietitian and food lecturer before buying an old toll house outside of Boston with her husband. Traditionally, toll houses were places weary travelers paid their road tolls, grabbed a quick bite and fed their horses. Wakefield and her husband converted the toll house into an inn with a restaurant. One day in 1930, Wakefield was baking up a batch of Butter Drop Do cookies for her guests. The recipe called for melted chocolate, but Wakefield had run out of baker's chocolate. She took a Nestle chocolate bar, crumbled it into pieces and threw it into her batter, expecting the chocolate pieces to melt during baking. Instead, the chocolate held its shape, and the chocolate chip cookie was born.
Nestle noticed that sales of its chocolate bars jumped in Mrs. Wakefield's corner of Massachusetts, so they met with her about the cookie, which was fast gaining a reputation among travelers. At Wakefield's suggestion, they began scoring their chocolate (cutting lines into the bar that allow for easier breaking) and then, in 1939, they began selling Nestle Toll House Real Semi-Sweet Chocolate Morsels. The Wakefield cookie recipe was printed on the back of the package; in exchange, Ruth Wakefield received free chocolate for life.
8: Liquid Paper
Bette Nesmith Graham was not a very good typist. Still, the high school dropout worked her way through the secretarial pool to become the executive secretary for the chairman of the board of the Texas Bank and Trust. It was the 1950s, and the electric typewriter had just been introduced. Secretaries often found themselves retyping entire pages because of one tiny mistake, as the new model's carbon ribbon made it difficult to correct errors.
One day, Graham watched workers painting a holiday display on a bank window. She noticed that when they made mistakes, they simply added another layer of paint to cover them up, and she thought she could apply that idea to her typing blunders. Using her blender, Graham mixed up a water-based tempera paint with dye that matched her company's stationary. She took it to work and, using a fine watercolor brush, she was able to quickly correct her errors. Soon, the other secretaries were clamoring for the product, which Graham continued to produce in her kitchen. Graham was fired from her job for spending so much time distributing what she called "Mistake Out," but in her unemployment she was able to tweak her mixture, rename the product Liquid Paper and receive a patent in 1958. Even though typewriters have been replaced by computers in many offices, many people still have a bottle or two of that white correction fluid on hand.
One day, Graham watched workers painting a holiday display on a bank window. She noticed that when they made mistakes, they simply added another layer of paint to cover them up, and she thought she could apply that idea to her typing blunders. Using her blender, Graham mixed up a water-based tempera paint with dye that matched her company's stationary. She took it to work and, using a fine watercolor brush, she was able to quickly correct her errors. Soon, the other secretaries were clamoring for the product, which Graham continued to produce in her kitchen. Graham was fired from her job for spending so much time distributing what she called "Mistake Out," but in her unemployment she was able to tweak her mixture, rename the product Liquid Paper and receive a patent in 1958. Even though typewriters have been replaced by computers in many offices, many people still have a bottle or two of that white correction fluid on hand.
7: The Compiler and COBOL Computer Language
When we think about advancements in computers, we tend to think about men like Charles Babbage, Alan Turing and Bill Gates. But Admiral Grace Murray Hopper deserves credit for her role in the computer industry. Admiral Hopper joined the military in 1943 and was stationed at Harvard University, where she worked on IBM's Harvard Mark I computer, the first large-scale computer in the United States. She was the third person to program this computer, and she wrote a manual of operations that lit the path for those that followed her. In the 1950s, Admiral Hopper invented the compiler, which translates English commands into computer code. This device meant that programmers could create code more easily and with fewer errors. Hopper's second compiler, the Flow-Matic, was used to program UNIVAC I and II, which were the first computers available commercially. Admiral Hopper also oversaw the development of the Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL), one of the first computer programming languages. Admiral Hopper received numerous awards for her work, including the honor of having a U.S. warship named after her.
6: Colored Flare System
When Martha Coston was widowed in 1847, she was only 21 years old. She had four children to support, but she hadn't a clue about how to do so. She was flipping through her dead husband's notebooks when she found plans for a flare system that ships could use to communicate at night. Coston requested the system be tested, but it failed.
Coston was undeterred. She spent the next 10 years revising and perfecting her husband's design for a colored flare system. She consulted with scientists and military officers, but she couldn't figure out how to produce flares that were bright and long-lasting while remaining easy to use at the spur of the moment. One night she took her children to see a fireworks display, and that's when she hit upon the idea of applying some pyrotechnic technology to her flare system. The flare system finally worked, and the U.S. Navy bought the rights. The Coston colored flare system was used extensively during the Civil War.
Unfortunately, the flare system wasn't the best way for Coston to support her family. According to military documents, Coston produced 1,200,000 flares for the Navy during the Civil War, which she provided at cost. She was owed $120,000, of which she was only paid $15,000; in her autobiography, Coston attributed the Navy's refusal to pay to the fact that she was a woman [source: Pilato].
Coston was undeterred. She spent the next 10 years revising and perfecting her husband's design for a colored flare system. She consulted with scientists and military officers, but she couldn't figure out how to produce flares that were bright and long-lasting while remaining easy to use at the spur of the moment. One night she took her children to see a fireworks display, and that's when she hit upon the idea of applying some pyrotechnic technology to her flare system. The flare system finally worked, and the U.S. Navy bought the rights. The Coston colored flare system was used extensively during the Civil War.
Unfortunately, the flare system wasn't the best way for Coston to support her family. According to military documents, Coston produced 1,200,000 flares for the Navy during the Civil War, which she provided at cost. She was owed $120,000, of which she was only paid $15,000; in her autobiography, Coston attributed the Navy's refusal to pay to the fact that she was a woman [source: Pilato].
5: The Square-bottomed Paper Bag
Margaret Knight didn't invent the paper bag, but those first paper bags weren't all that useful for carrying things. They were more like envelopes, so there was no way they'd become the grocery store staple that they are today. For that, we have to thank Knight. Knight realized that paper bags should have a square bottom; when weight was distributed across the base in this way, the bags could carry more things.
In 1870, she created a wooden machine that would cut, fold and glue the square bottoms to paper bags. While she was working on an iron prototype of the machine to use for her patent application, she discovered that her design had been stolen by a man named Charles Annan, who had seen her wooden machine a few months earlier. She filed a patent interference suit against Annan, who claimed that there was no way that a woman could have developed such a complex machine. Knight used her notes and sketches to prove otherwise, and she was granted the patent for the device in 1871.
That was hardly Knight's first patent, though. At the age of 12, Knight had developed a stop-motion device that would automatically bring industrial machines to a halt if something was caught on them, which prevented many injuries; all told, Knight was awarded more than 20 patents.
In 1870, she created a wooden machine that would cut, fold and glue the square bottoms to paper bags. While she was working on an iron prototype of the machine to use for her patent application, she discovered that her design had been stolen by a man named Charles Annan, who had seen her wooden machine a few months earlier. She filed a patent interference suit against Annan, who claimed that there was no way that a woman could have developed such a complex machine. Knight used her notes and sketches to prove otherwise, and she was granted the patent for the device in 1871.
That was hardly Knight's first patent, though. At the age of 12, Knight had developed a stop-motion device that would automatically bring industrial machines to a halt if something was caught on them, which prevented many injuries; all told, Knight was awarded more than 20 patents.
4: Dishwasher
You might think that the first dishwasher was invented by someone who spent years washing dishes, bemoaning the wasted time and the dishpan hands. Actually, Josephine Cochrane, who received the patent for the first working dishwasher, didn't spend that much time washing dishes. The real impetus for her invention was frustration over her servants breaking her heirloom china after fancy dinners.
Cochrane was a socialite who loved to entertain, but after her husband died in 1883, she was left with massive debt. Rather than selling off that beloved china, she focused on building a machine that would wash it properly. Her machine relied upon strong water pressure aimed at a wire rack of dishes, and she received a patent for the device in 1886. Cochrane claimed that inventing the machine was nowhere near as hard as promoting it [source: Lienhard]. At first, the Cochrane dishwasher tanked with individual consumers, as many households lacked the hot water heaters necessary to run it, and those that had the capacity balked at paying for something that housewives did for free. Undaunted, Cochrane sought appointments with large hotels and restaurants, selling them on the fact that the dishwasher could do the job they were paying several dozen employees to do. In time, however, more households acquired the device as greater numbers of women entered the workplace.
Cochrane was a socialite who loved to entertain, but after her husband died in 1883, she was left with massive debt. Rather than selling off that beloved china, she focused on building a machine that would wash it properly. Her machine relied upon strong water pressure aimed at a wire rack of dishes, and she received a patent for the device in 1886. Cochrane claimed that inventing the machine was nowhere near as hard as promoting it [source: Lienhard]. At first, the Cochrane dishwasher tanked with individual consumers, as many households lacked the hot water heaters necessary to run it, and those that had the capacity balked at paying for something that housewives did for free. Undaunted, Cochrane sought appointments with large hotels and restaurants, selling them on the fact that the dishwasher could do the job they were paying several dozen employees to do. In time, however, more households acquired the device as greater numbers of women entered the workplace.
3: Windshield Wiper
At the dawn of the 20th century, Mary Anderson went to New York City for the first time. She saw a much different New York City than the one tourists see today. There were no cabs honking, nor were there thousands of cars vying for position in afternoon traffic. Cars had not yet captured the American imagination and were quite rare when Anderson took that trip, but the woman from Alabama would end up inventing something that has become standard on every automobile. During her trip, Anderson took a tram through the snow-covered city.
She noticed that the driver had to stop the tram every few minutes to wipe the snow off his front window. At the time, all drivers had to do so; rain and snow were thought to be things drivers had to deal with, even though they resulted in poor visibility. When she returned home, Anderson developed a squeegee on a spindle that was attached to a handle on the inside of the vehicle. When the driver needed to clear the glass, he simply pulled on the handle and the squeegee wiped the precipitation from the windshield. Anderson received the patent for her device in 1903; just 10 years later, thousands of Americans owned a car with her invention.
2: Nystatin
She noticed that the driver had to stop the tram every few minutes to wipe the snow off his front window. At the time, all drivers had to do so; rain and snow were thought to be things drivers had to deal with, even though they resulted in poor visibility. When she returned home, Anderson developed a squeegee on a spindle that was attached to a handle on the inside of the vehicle. When the driver needed to clear the glass, he simply pulled on the handle and the squeegee wiped the precipitation from the windshield. Anderson received the patent for her device in 1903; just 10 years later, thousands of Americans owned a car with her invention.
2: Nystatin
Long-distance romantic relationships are often troubled, but Rachel Fuller Brown and Elizabeth Lee Hazen proved that long-distance professional relationships can yield productive results. Both Brown and Hazen worked for the New York State Department of Health in the 1940s, but Hazen was stationed in New York City and Brown was in Albany. Despite the miles, Brown and Hazen collaborated on the first successful fungus-fighting drug.
In New York City, Hazen would test soil samples to see if any of the organisms within would respond to fungi. If there was activity, Hazen would mail the jar of soil to Brown, who would work to extract the agent in the soil that was causing the reaction. Once Brown had found the active ingredient, it went back in the mail to Hazen, who'd check it against the fungi again. If the organism killed the fungi, it would be evaluated for toxicity. Most of the samples proved too toxic for human use, but finally Brown and Hazen happened upon an effective fungus-killing drug in 1950. They named it Nystatin, after New York state. The medication, now sold under a variety of trade names, cures fungal infections that affect the skin, vagina and intestinal system. It's also been used on trees with Dutch elm disease and on artwork affected by mold.
In New York City, Hazen would test soil samples to see if any of the organisms within would respond to fungi. If there was activity, Hazen would mail the jar of soil to Brown, who would work to extract the agent in the soil that was causing the reaction. Once Brown had found the active ingredient, it went back in the mail to Hazen, who'd check it against the fungi again. If the organism killed the fungi, it would be evaluated for toxicity. Most of the samples proved too toxic for human use, but finally Brown and Hazen happened upon an effective fungus-killing drug in 1950. They named it Nystatin, after New York state. The medication, now sold under a variety of trade names, cures fungal infections that affect the skin, vagina and intestinal system. It's also been used on trees with Dutch elm disease and on artwork affected by mold.
1: Kevlar
It was just supposed to be a temporary job. Stephanie Kwolek took a position at DuPont in 1946 so she could save enough money to go to medical school. In 1964, she was still there, researching how to turn polymers into extra strong synthetic fibers. Kwolek was working with polymers that had rod-like molecules that all lined up in one direction.
Compared to the molecules that formed jumbled bundles, Kwolek thought the uniform lines would make the resulting material stronger, though these polymers were very difficult to dissolve into a solution that could be tested. She finally prepared such a solution with the rod-like molecules, but it looked unlike all the other molecular solutions she'd ever made. Her next step was to run it through the spinneret, a machine that would produce the fibers. However, the spinneret operator almost refused to let Kwolek use the machine, so different was this solution from all the others before; he was convinced it would ruin the spinneret.
Kwolek persisted, and after the spinneret had done its work, Kwolek had a fiber that was ounce-for-ounce as strong as steel. This material was dubbed Kevlar, and it's been used to manufacture skis, radial tires and brake pads, suspension bridge cables, helmets, and hiking and camping gear. Most notably, Kevlar is used to make bulletproof vests, so even though Kwolek didn't make it to medical school, she still saved plenty of lives.
Compared to the molecules that formed jumbled bundles, Kwolek thought the uniform lines would make the resulting material stronger, though these polymers were very difficult to dissolve into a solution that could be tested. She finally prepared such a solution with the rod-like molecules, but it looked unlike all the other molecular solutions she'd ever made. Her next step was to run it through the spinneret, a machine that would produce the fibers. However, the spinneret operator almost refused to let Kwolek use the machine, so different was this solution from all the others before; he was convinced it would ruin the spinneret.
Kwolek persisted, and after the spinneret had done its work, Kwolek had a fiber that was ounce-for-ounce as strong as steel. This material was dubbed Kevlar, and it's been used to manufacture skis, radial tires and brake pads, suspension bridge cables, helmets, and hiking and camping gear. Most notably, Kevlar is used to make bulletproof vests, so even though Kwolek didn't make it to medical school, she still saved plenty of lives.
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